READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The Most Famous: Old Faithful

Probably the world’s most famous geyser is Old Faithful, located in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. There are over 300 geysers in the Basin, the largest concentration of geysers in the world, and over 700 in Yellowstone Park. Before the earthquake of 1959, Old Faithful’s eruptions came almost like clockwork, every 60 to 65 minutes. Since that earthquake, eruptions have been as few as 30 minutes apart or as long as 120 minutes apart.

An eruption of Old Faithful is a spectacular sight, one which has been drawing tourists to Yellowstone since the 1870s. The geyser usually gives a warning: a short burst of steam. Then a graceful jet of steam and boiling water rises up to 60 meters in the air, unfurling in the sunlight with the colors of the rainbow playing across it. Each eruption lasts from one and a half to five minutes. When it erupts, it sprays up to 32,000 liters of water in the air.

The eruption is only the visible part of the spectacle. In order for a geyser to erupt, there are four necessary conditions that must exist. First, there must be an abundant supply of water. Old Faithful is supplied with water from groundwater and rainfall, but other geysers in Yellowstone are partly supplied from creeks and rivers.

Second, there must be a heat source. All geyser fields are located over recently active volcanic areas. In the Upper Geyser Basin, a steady supply of heat is provided by hotspots of molten lava as little as 5 kilometers below the surface. When water trickles down to the hotspots, it heats up.

However, the water would never be ejected from the geysers with such tremendous force if it were not for geyserite, a material that is mainly composed of the mineral silicon dioxide. The presence of geyserite is the third necessary condition. Geyserite is dissolved from the rocks and deposited on the walls of the geyser’s plumbing system and around the surface of the geyser. These deposits make the plumbing system pressure-tight. This allows the water to be carried all the way to the surface rather than leaking out into the loose rock, sand, and soil that surrounds the plumbing system.

The final condition is a special underground plumbing system. Geysers have various types of plumbing systems, but all have a narrow spot, a constriction point near the surface. The water in this narrow spot acts like a valve or a lid that allows pressure to build up in the water below, causing the eruption. A geological feature that has water, geyserite, and heat but no special plumbing will be a hot spring, not a geyser. Geologists studying Old Faithful theorized that it had a relatively simple plumbing system composed of an underground reservoir connected to the surface by a long, narrow tube that grows even narrower near the surface. In 1992, a probe equipped with a video camera and heat sensors was lowered into the geyser and confirmed the existence of a constriction, a narrow shaft, and a cavern about the size of a large automobile 15 meters beneath the surface.

As water fills Old Faithful’s plumbing system, it is heated in the reservoir like water in a teakettle. But while water in a kettle rises because of convection, the water in the tube and the constriction above prevents free circulation. Therefore, the water in the upper tube is cooler than the water at the bottom. The weight of the water puts pressure on the water below, raising the boiling point of the water in the reservoir. Eventually, enough pressure builds to push water past the constriction point and out of the mouth of the geyser. The pressure drops as the water is released, and a sudden, violent boiling takes place through the length of the tube. A tremendous amount of steam is produced, and the water roars out of the geyser in a superheated mass. This is the eruption, and it continues until the reservoir is emptied or the steam runs out.

There are two main types of geyser. A columnar geyser (also called a cone geyser) such as Old Faithful shoots a fairly narrow jet of water from a formation of geyserite that looks like a miniature volcano. A fountain geyser has an open pool at the surface that fills with water before or during the eruption. When a fountain geyser erupts, water sprays in all directions but does not reach the height of the jet from a columnar geyser.

Questions 6–9

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 6–9 on your answer sheet, write

TRUEif the statement agrees with the information

FALSEif the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVENif there is no information on the given statement

6. The first eruption of Old Faithful occurred in the 1870s.

7. The duration of an eruption has been reduced from one and a half hours to five minutes since the nineteenth century.

8. One of the necessary factors in the formation of hot springs and geysers is geyserite.

9. The jet from a columnar geyser reaches higher than that from a fountain geyser.

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The Most Famous: Old Faithful

Questions 10~13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.

10. The water of Old Faithful is provided from () unlike other geysers in Yellowstone.

11. Geyserite that has accumulated around the surface of the geyser makes the () pressure-tight.

12. In order to confirm their theory about Old Faithful, the geologists submerged the () into the geyser.

13. Old Faithful is a type of (), which shoots a very narrow jet of water.

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Toward Immortality: The Social Burden of Longer Lives

If scientists could create a pill that let you live twice as long while remaining free of infirmities, would you take it? If one considers only the personal benefits that longer life would bring, the answer might seem like a no-brainer: People could spend more quality time with loved ones, watch future generations grow up, learn new languages, master new musical instruments, try different careers, or travel the world.

But what about society as a whole? Would it be better off if lifespans were doubled? The question is one of growing relevance, and serious debate about it goes back at least a few years to the Kronos Conference on Longevity Health Sciences in Arizona. Gregory Stock, director of the Program on Medicine, Technology, and Society at UCLA’s School of Public Health, answered the question with an emphatic “Yes.” A doubled lifespan, Stock said, would “give us a chance to recover from our mistakes, lead us towards longer-term thinking and reduce healthcare costs by delaying the onset of expensive diseases of aging. It would also raise productivity by adding to our prime years.”

Bioethicist Daniel Callahan, a cofounder of the Hastings Center in New York, didn’t share Stock’s enthusiasm. Callahan’s objections were practical ones. For one thing, he said, doubling lifespans won’t solve any of our current social problems. “We have war, poverty, all sorts of issues around, and I don’t think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer,” Callahan said in a recent telephone interview. “The question is, ‘What will we get as a society?’ I suspect it won't be a better society.”

Others point out that a doubling of the human lifespan will affect society at every level. Notions about marriage, family, and work will change in fundamental ways, they say, as will attitudes toward the young and the old.

Richard Kalish, a psychologist who considered the social effects of life extension technologies, determined that a longer lifespan would radically change how we view marriage. In today’s world, for example, a couple in their 60s who are stuck in a loveless but tolerable marriage might decide to stay together for the remaining 15 to 20 years of their lives out of inertia or familiarity. But, if that same couple knew they might have to suffer each other's company for another 60 or 80 years, their choice might be different. Kalish predicted that, as lifespans increase, there will be a shift in emphasis from marriage as a lifelong union to marriage as a long-term commitment. Multiple, brief marriages could become common.

A doubled lifespan will reshape notions of family life in other ways, too, said Chris Hackler, head of the Division of Medical Humanities at the University of Arkansas. If multiple marriages become the norm as Kalish predicted, and each marriage produces children, then half-siblings will become more common, Hackler pointed out. And, if couples continue the current trend of having children beginning in their 20s and 30s, then eight or even 10 generations might be alive simultaneously, Hackler said. Furthermore, if life extension also increases a woman’s period of fertility, siblings could be born 40 or 50 years apart. Such a large age difference would radically change the way siblings or parents and their children interact with one other.

“If we were 100 years younger than our parents or 60 years apart from our siblings, that would certainly create a different set of social relationships,” Hackler told LiveScience.

For most people, living longer will inevitably mean more time spent working. Careers will necessarily become longer, and the retirement age will have to be pushed back, not only so individuals can support themselves, but to avoid overtaxing a nation’s social security system.

Advocates of anti-aging research say that working longer might not be such a bad thing. With skilled workers remaining in the workforce longer, economic productivity would go up. And, if people got bored with their jobs, they could switch careers.

But critics have said that such changes would carry their own set of dangers. Competition for jobs would become fiercer as “mid-life re-trainees” beginning new careers vie with young workers for a limited number of entry-level positions. Especially worrisome is the problem of workplace mobility, Callahan said. “If you have people staying in their jobs for 100 years, that is going to make it really tough for young people to move in and get ahead,” Callahan explained. “If people like the idea of delayed gratification, this is going to be a wonderful chance to experience it.”

Callahan also worried that corporations and universities could become dominated by a few individuals if executives, managers, and tenured professors refuse to give up their posts. Without a constant infusion of youthful talent and ideas, these institutions could stagnate. Hackler pointed out that the same problem could apply to politics. Many elected officials have term limits that prevent them from amassing too much power—but what about federal judges, who are appointed for life? “Justices sitting on the bench for a hundred years would have a powerful influence on the shape of social institutions,” Hackler wrote.

Questions 14~19

Reading Passage 2 has eleven paragraphs, A–K.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A, B, E, F, I, and K from the list of headings below.

Drag and drop the correct number i–viii in boxes 14–19 on the answer sheet.

i. A shift in emphasis of marriage
ii. Personal benefits of a doubled lifespan
iii. Reshaping of family notions
iv. Advantages of a doubled lifespan in the workplace
v. Social benefits of a doubled lifespan
vi. Dangers of a doubled lifespan in the workplace
vii. Causes and effects of a doubled lifespan
viii. A variety of types of marriages

14.Paragraph A
15.Paragraph B
16.Paragraph E
17.Paragraph F
18.Paragraph I
19.Paragraph K

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Toward Immortality: The Social Burden of Longer Lives

“If we were 100 years younger than our parents or 60 years apart from our siblings, that would certainly create a different set of social relationships,” Hackler told LiveScience.

Questions 20~23

Complete the chart below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Effects of the Doubled Lifespan

• Change in significance from marriage as a lifelong union to marriage as an enduring 20.
• Frequency of 21. short-term marriages.

• Increased frequency of 22.
• Coexistence of multiple generations
• A large age difference of siblings

• Extension of the retirement age
• Increase of economic 23.
• Chances of switching jobs
• Fiercer competition for the jobs
• Problem of workplace mobility

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Toward Immortality: The Social Burden of Longer Lives

“If we were 100 years younger than our parents or 60 years apart from our siblings, that would certainly create a different set of social relationships,” Hackler told LiveScience.

Questions 24~27

Match the statement with Gregory Stock (S), Daniel Callahan (C), Richard Kalish (K), or Chris Hackler (H).

24. Life extension will make multiple marriages the norm.

25. Longer life will not contribute to solving the problem of war and poverty.

26. A large age difference between siblings will create different social relationships.

27. Life extension will increase economic productivity.

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The Importance of the Social Environment

The roles of nature (what we inherit) and of nurture (what we learn) in making us what we are have long been debated. In the seventeenth century, it was generally believed that people became what they were taught to be. By the second half of the nineteenth century, a quite different view was popular: Instead of looking to nurture – what people are taught – to explain human behavior, many social scientists looked to nature – what people inherit from their parents. Opinion on the question has gone back and forth ever since.

Obviously we do inherit something of what makes us who we are. But what? Physical traits such as skin color are clearly inherited, but people also appear to inherit temperament – a natural tendency to behave and react in a certain way. For example, some people are naturally active, nervous, or easily annoyed. Others, brought up in a similar environment, tend to be the opposite – passive, calm, and rarely upset. The role of heredity in determining our intelligence and aptitude is less clear, and the debate is far from over.

What is clear is that, although nature may limit what we can achieve, socialization plays a very large role in determining what we do achieve. That is, whatever potential ability we inherit from our parents may be enhanced or restricted through socialization. Case studies of children who have not been cared for, and of children who have been stimulated to achieve at a high level, are evidence of the importance of social or environmental learning.

Since the fourteenth century, there have been more than fifty recorded cases of feral children. Feral children have supposedly been brought up by animals in the wild. One of the most famous is “the wild boy of Aveyron.” In 1797, this boy was captured by hunters in the woods of southern France. He was about 11 years old and completely naked. The “wild boy” ran on his arms and legs, could not speak, and liked uncooked food. He could not do most of the simple things that young children can usually do. He was obviously deprived of socialization.

There have been similar stories of social deprivation this century. Anna, for example, was born in 1932 in Pennsylvania to a young unwed mother. The father was outraged by the birth and did not want to have anything to do with the child. The mother tried to give Anna away but could not, so she hid her in the attic and gave her just enough food to keep her alive. Anna was neither touched nor talked to, neither washed nor bathed. When she was found in 1938 at the age of 6, Anna could not talk or walk. She could do nothing but lie quietly on the floor, he eyes and face expressionless.

Children who receive little attention in orphanages suffer similar harmful effects. In 1945, researcher Rene Spitz reported on an orphanage where 18-month-old infants were left lying on their backs in tiny rooms most of the day without any human contact. Within a year, all had become physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially impaired. Two years later, more than a third of the children had died. Those who had survived could not speak, walk, dress themselves, or use a spoon.

While the lack of normal socialization can destroy minds, specialized socialization can create geniuses. A young woman named Edith finished grammar school in four years, skipped high school, and went straight to college. She graduated from college at age 15 and obtained her doctorate before she was 18. Was she born a genius? We do not know. However, as soon as she stopped playing with dolls, her father filled her days with reading, mathematics, classical music, and intellectual discussions and debates. When she felt like playing, her father told her to play chess. This very special attention to her academic development is likely to have contributed significantly to her achievements. Another example is Adragon Eastwood DeMello, who graduated with a degree in mathematics at age 11. When he was a few months old, his father gave up his career as a science writer to educate him.e.

Many parents of geniuses have deliberately given their children very stimulating environments. In his study of Einstein, Picasso, Gandhi, and other world-famous geniuses in various fields, Howard Gardner found that they were all born into families that valued learning and achievement with at least one loving adult who especially encouraged their ability.

Questions 28~35

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A–H.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A~H from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i–viii in boxes 28~35 on the answer sheet.

i. The importance of social learning
ii. A twentieth-century example of one child’s social deprivation
iii. Change in opinion about nature and nurture
iv. Institutional deprivation
v. How special socialization can create young geniuses
vi. What we inherit
vii. World-famous geniuses
viii. Feral children

28.Paragraph A
29.Paragraph B
30.Paragraph C
31.Paragraph D
32.Paragraph E
33.Paragraph F
34.Paragraph G
35.Paragraph H

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 30–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The Importance of the Social Environment

Questions 36–40

Determine whether the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3.

In boxes 36–40 on your answer sheet, write

YESif the statement agrees with the information

NOif the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVENif there is no information on the given statement

36. People agree with the opinion that we inherit temperamental traits, including a tendency to behave in a certain way.

37. Temperamental traits are changed by the environment where you are brought up.

38. The “wild boy” found in 1797 is an example to prove the importance of social learning in improving potential ability.

39. Children deprived of any human contact will eventually die because good care is essential for their survival.

40. Specialized socialization plays an important role in determining what we achieve in life.